Money is not metal or paper. It is trust at scale: a shared belief that a token accepted today can be exchanged later for real goods and labor.
Barter collapses in complex economies because needs rarely match at the same moment. Money becomes a universal translator. It can turn wheat into shoes, labor into spices, favors into rent. The token works only because everyone believes others will accept it too.
This trust is fragile and astonishingly broad. It can bridge religions, languages, and empires. A merchant may distrust a rival’s gods yet still take the rival’s coins, because the belief is in the network around the coin.
Once anything can be priced, everything becomes comparable. Land, labor, risk, and status slip into numbers. Value becomes portable, abstract, and tradable.